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LoginContext.javaAPI DocJava SE 5 API35111Fri Aug 26 14:57:48 BST 2005javax.security.auth.login

LoginContext

public class LoginContext extends Object

The LoginContext class describes the basic methods used to authenticate Subjects and provides a way to develop an application independent of the underlying authentication technology. A Configuration specifies the authentication technology, or LoginModule, to be used with a particular application. Different LoginModules can be plugged in under an application without requiring any modifications to the application itself.

In addition to supporting pluggable authentication, this class also supports the notion of stacked authentication. Applications may be configured to use more than one LoginModule. For example, one could configure both a Kerberos LoginModule and a smart card LoginModule under an application.

A typical caller instantiates a LoginContext with a name and a CallbackHandler. LoginContext uses the name as the index into a Configuration to determine which LoginModules should be used, and which ones must succeed in order for the overall authentication to succeed. The CallbackHandler is passed to the underlying LoginModules so they may communicate and interact with users (prompting for a username and password via a graphical user interface, for example).

Once the caller has instantiated a LoginContext, it invokes the login method to authenticate a Subject. The login method invokes the configured modules to perform their respective types of authentication (username/password, smart card pin verification, etc.). Note that the LoginModules will not attempt authentication retries nor introduce delays if the authentication fails. Such tasks belong to the LoginContext caller.

If the login method returns without throwing an exception, then the overall authentication succeeded. The caller can then retrieve the newly authenticated Subject by invoking the getSubject method. Principals and Credentials associated with the Subject may be retrieved by invoking the Subject's respective getPrincipals, getPublicCredentials, and getPrivateCredentials methods.

To logout the Subject, the caller calls the logout method. As with the login method, this logout method invokes the logout method for the configured modules.

A LoginContext should not be used to authenticate more than one Subject. A separate LoginContext should be used to authenticate each different Subject.

The following documentation applies to all LoginContext constructors:

  1. Subject
    • If the constructor has a Subject input parameter, the LoginContext uses the caller-specified Subject object.

    • If the caller specifies a null Subject and a null value is permitted, the LoginContext instantiates a new Subject.

    • If the constructor does not have a Subject input parameter, the LoginContext instantiates a new Subject.

  2. Configuration
    • If the constructor has a Configuration input parameter and the caller specifies a non-null Configuration, the LoginContext uses the caller-specified Configuration.

      If the constructor does not have a Configuration input parameter, or if the caller specifies a null Configuration object, the constructor uses the following call to get the installed Configuration: 

      config = Configuration.getConfiguration();
      For both cases, the name argument given to the constructor is passed to the Configuration.getAppConfigurationEntry method. If the Configuration has no entries for the specified name, then the LoginContext calls getAppConfigurationEntry with the name, "other" (the default entry name). If there is no entry for "other", then a LoginException is thrown.

    • When LoginContext uses the installed Configuration, the caller requires the createLoginContext.name and possibly createLoginContext.other AuthPermissions. Furthermore, the LoginContext will invoke configured modules from within an AccessController.doPrivileged call so that modules that perform security-sensitive tasks (such as connecting to remote hosts, and updating the Subject) will require the respective permissions, but the callers of the LoginContext will not require those permissions.

    • When LoginContext uses a caller-specified Configuration, the caller does not require any createLoginContext AuthPermission. The LoginContext saves the AccessControlContext for the caller, and invokes the configured modules from within an AccessController.doPrivileged call constrained by that context. This means the caller context (stored when the LoginContext was created) must have sufficient permissions to perform any security-sensitive tasks that the modules may perform.

  3. CallbackHandler
    • If the constructor has a CallbackHandler input parameter, the LoginContext uses the caller-specified CallbackHandler object.

    • If the constructor does not have a CallbackHandler input parameter, or if the caller specifies a null CallbackHandler object (and a null value is permitted), the LoginContext queries the auth.login.defaultCallbackHandler security property for the fully qualified class name of a default handler implementation. If the security property is not set, then the underlying modules will not have a CallbackHandler for use in communicating with users. The caller thus assumes that the configured modules have alternative means for authenticating the user.

    • When the LoginContext uses the installed Configuration (instead of a caller-specified Configuration, see above), then this LoginContext must wrap any caller-specified or default CallbackHandler implementation in a new CallbackHandler implementation whose handle method implementation invokes the specified CallbackHandler's handle method in a java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged call constrained by the caller's current AccessControlContext.

Note that Security Properties (such as auth.login.defaultCallbackHandler) can be set programmatically via the java.security.Security class, or statically in the Java security properties file located in the file named <JAVA_HOME>/lib/security/java.security, where <JAVA_HOME> refers to the directory where the JDK was installed.

version
1.98, 06/28/04
see
java.security.Security
see
javax.security.auth.AuthPermission
see
javax.security.auth.Subject
see
javax.security.auth.callback.CallbackHandler
see
javax.security.auth.login.Configuration
see
javax.security.auth.spi.LoginModule

Fields Summary
private static final String
INIT_METHOD
private static final String
LOGIN_METHOD
private static final String
COMMIT_METHOD
private static final String
ABORT_METHOD
private static final String
LOGOUT_METHOD
private static final String
OTHER
private static final String
DEFAULT_HANDLER
private Subject
subject
private boolean
subjectProvided
private boolean
loginSucceeded
private CallbackHandler
callbackHandler
private Map
state
private Configuration
config
private boolean
configProvided
private AccessControlContext
creatorAcc
private ModuleInfo[]
moduleStack
private ClassLoader
contextClassLoader
private static final Class[]
PARAMS
private int
moduleIndex
private LoginException
firstError
private LoginException
firstRequiredError
private boolean
success
private static final Debug
debug
Constructors Summary
public LoginContext(String name)
Instantiate a new LoginContext object with a name.

param
name the name used as the index into the Configuration.
exception
LoginException if the caller-specified name does not appear in the Configuration and there is no Configuration entry for "other", or if the auth.login.defaultCallbackHandler security property was set, but the implementation class could not be loaded.

exception
SecurityException if a SecurityManager is set and the caller does not have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.name"), or if a configuration entry for name does not exist and the caller does not additionally have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.other")

	init(name);
	loadDefaultCallbackHandler();
public LoginContext(String name, Subject subject)
Instantiate a new LoginContext object with a name and a Subject object.

param
name the name used as the index into the Configuration.

param
subject the Subject to authenticate.
exception
LoginException if the caller-specified name does not appear in the Configuration and there is no Configuration entry for "other", if the caller-specified subject is null, or if the auth.login.defaultCallbackHandler security property was set, but the implementation class could not be loaded.

exception
SecurityException if a SecurityManager is set and the caller does not have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.name"), or if a configuration entry for name does not exist and the caller does not additionally have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.other")

	init(name);
	if (subject == null)
	    throw new LoginException
		(ResourcesMgr.getString("invalid null Subject provided"));
	this.subject = subject;
	subjectProvided = true;
	loadDefaultCallbackHandler();
public LoginContext(String name, CallbackHandler callbackHandler)
Instantiate a new LoginContext object with a name and a CallbackHandler object.

param
name the name used as the index into the Configuration.

param
callbackHandler the CallbackHandler object used by LoginModules to communicate with the user.
exception
LoginException if the caller-specified name does not appear in the Configuration and there is no Configuration entry for "other", or if the caller-specified callbackHandler is null.

exception
SecurityException if a SecurityManager is set and the caller does not have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.name"), or if a configuration entry for name does not exist and the caller does not additionally have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.other")

	init(name);
	if (callbackHandler == null)
	    throw new LoginException(ResourcesMgr.getString
				("invalid null CallbackHandler provided"));
	this.callbackHandler = new SecureCallbackHandler
				(java.security.AccessController.getContext(),
				callbackHandler);
public LoginContext(String name, Subject subject, CallbackHandler callbackHandler)
Instantiate a new LoginContext object with a name, a Subject to be authenticated, and a CallbackHandler object.

param
name the name used as the index into the Configuration.

param
subject the Subject to authenticate.

param
callbackHandler the CallbackHandler object used by LoginModules to communicate with the user.
exception
LoginException if the caller-specified name does not appear in the Configuration and there is no Configuration entry for "other", or if the caller-specified subject is null, or if the caller-specified callbackHandler is null.

exception
SecurityException if a SecurityManager is set and the caller does not have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.name"), or if a configuration entry for name does not exist and the caller does not additionally have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.other")

	this(name, subject);
	if (callbackHandler == null)
	    throw new LoginException(ResourcesMgr.getString
				("invalid null CallbackHandler provided"));
	this.callbackHandler = new SecureCallbackHandler
				(java.security.AccessController.getContext(),
				callbackHandler);
public LoginContext(String name, Subject subject, CallbackHandler callbackHandler, Configuration config)
Instantiate a new LoginContext object with a name, a Subject to be authenticated, a CallbackHandler object, and a login Configuration.

param
name the name used as the index into the caller-specified Configuration.

param
subject the Subject to authenticate, or null.

param
callbackHandler the CallbackHandler object used by LoginModules to communicate with the user, or null.

param
config the Configuration that lists the login modules to be called to perform the authentication, or null.
exception
LoginException if the caller-specified name does not appear in the Configuration and there is no Configuration entry for "other".

exception
SecurityException if a SecurityManager is set, config is null, and either the caller does not have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.name"), or if a configuration entry for name does not exist and the caller does not additionally have AuthPermission("createLoginContext.other")
since
1.5

	this.config = config;
	configProvided = (config != null) ? true : false;
	if (configProvided) {
	    creatorAcc = java.security.AccessController.getContext();
	}
	
	init(name);
	if (subject != null) {
	    this.subject = subject;
	    subjectProvided = true;
	}
	if (callbackHandler == null) {
	    loadDefaultCallbackHandler();
	} else if (!configProvided) {
	    this.callbackHandler = new SecureCallbackHandler
				(java.security.AccessController.getContext(),
				callbackHandler);
	} else {
	    this.callbackHandler = callbackHandler;
	}
Methods Summary
private voidclearState()

	moduleIndex = 0;
	firstError = null;
	firstRequiredError = null;
	success = false;
public javax.security.auth.SubjectgetSubject()
Return the authenticated Subject.

return
the authenticated Subject. If the caller specified a Subject to this LoginContext's constructor, this method returns the caller-specified Subject. If a Subject was not specified and authentication succeeds, this method returns the Subject instantiated and used for authentication by this LoginContext. If a Subject was not specified, and authentication fails or has not been attempted, this method returns null.

	if (!loginSucceeded && !subjectProvided)
	    return null;
	return subject;
private voidinit(java.lang.String name)


          

	SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
	if (sm != null && !configProvided) {
	    sm.checkPermission(new AuthPermission
				("createLoginContext." + name));
	}

	if (name == null)
	    throw new LoginException
		(ResourcesMgr.getString("Invalid null input: name"));

	// get the Configuration
	if (config == null) {
	    config = (Configuration)java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
		(new java.security.PrivilegedAction() {
		public Object run() {	
		    return Configuration.getConfiguration();
		}
	    });
	}

	// get the LoginModules configured for this application
	AppConfigurationEntry[] entries = config.getAppConfigurationEntry(name);
	if (entries == null) {

	    if (sm != null && !configProvided) {
		sm.checkPermission(new AuthPermission
				("createLoginContext." + OTHER));
	    }

	    entries = config.getAppConfigurationEntry(OTHER);
	    if (entries == null) {
		MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(ResourcesMgr.getString
			("No LoginModules configured for name"));
		Object[] source = {name};
		throw new LoginException(form.format(source));
	    }
	}
	moduleStack = new ModuleInfo[entries.length];
	for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
	    // clone returned array
	    moduleStack[i] = new ModuleInfo
				(new AppConfigurationEntry
					(entries[i].getLoginModuleName(),
					entries[i].getControlFlag(),
					entries[i].getOptions()),
				null);
	}

	contextClassLoader =
		(ClassLoader)java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
		(new java.security.PrivilegedAction() {
		public Object run() {	
		    return Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
		}
	});
private voidinvoke(java.lang.String methodName)


	// start at moduleIndex
	// - this can only be non-zero if methodName is LOGIN_METHOD

	for (int i = moduleIndex; i < moduleStack.length; i++, moduleIndex++) {
	    try {

		int mIndex = 0;
		Method[] methods = null;

		if (moduleStack[i].module != null) {
		    methods = moduleStack[i].module.getClass().getMethods();
		} else {

		    // instantiate the LoginModule
		    Class c = Class.forName
				(moduleStack[i].entry.getLoginModuleName(),
				true,
				contextClassLoader);

		    Constructor constructor = c.getConstructor(PARAMS);
		    Object[] args = { };

		    // allow any object to be a LoginModule
		    // as long as it conforms to the interface
		    moduleStack[i].module = constructor.newInstance(args);

		    methods = moduleStack[i].module.getClass().getMethods();

		    // call the LoginModule's initialize method
		    for (mIndex = 0; mIndex < methods.length; mIndex++) {
			if (methods[mIndex].getName().equals(INIT_METHOD))
			    break;
		    }

		    Object[] initArgs = {subject,
					callbackHandler,
					state,
					moduleStack[i].entry.getOptions() };
		    // invoke the LoginModule initialize method
		    methods[mIndex].invoke(moduleStack[i].module, initArgs);
		}

		// find the requested method in the LoginModule
		for (mIndex = 0; mIndex < methods.length; mIndex++) {
		    if (methods[mIndex].getName().equals(methodName))
			break;
		}

		// set up the arguments to be passed to the LoginModule method
		Object[] args = { };

		// invoke the LoginModule method
		boolean status = ((Boolean)methods[mIndex].invoke
				(moduleStack[i].module, args)).booleanValue();

		if (status == true) {

		    // if SUFFICIENT, return if no prior REQUIRED errors
		    if (!methodName.equals(ABORT_METHOD) &&
		        !methodName.equals(LOGOUT_METHOD) &&
			moduleStack[i].entry.getControlFlag() ==
		    AppConfigurationEntry.LoginModuleControlFlag.SUFFICIENT &&
			firstRequiredError == null) {

			// clear state
			clearState();

			if (debug != null)
			    debug.println(methodName + " SUFFICIENT success");
			return;
		    }

		    if (debug != null)
			debug.println(methodName + " success");
		    success = true;
		} else {
		    if (debug != null)
			debug.println(methodName + " ignored");
		}

	    } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
		MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(ResourcesMgr.getString
			("unable to instantiate LoginModule, module, because " +
			"it does not provide a no-argument constructor"));
		Object[] source = {moduleStack[i].entry.getLoginModuleName()};
		throwException(null, new LoginException(form.format(source)));
	    } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
		throwException(null, new LoginException(ResourcesMgr.getString
			("unable to instantiate LoginModule: ") +
			ie.getMessage()));
	    } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
		throwException(null, new LoginException(ResourcesMgr.getString
			("unable to find LoginModule class: ") +
			cnfe.getMessage()));
	    } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
		throwException(null, new LoginException(ResourcesMgr.getString
			("unable to access LoginModule: ") +
			iae.getMessage()));
	    } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {

		// failure cases

		LoginException le;

		if (ite.getCause() instanceof PendingException &&
		    methodName.equals(LOGIN_METHOD)) {
		    
		    // XXX
		    //
		    // if a module's LOGIN_METHOD threw a PendingException
		    // then immediately throw it.
		    //
		    // when LoginContext is called again,
		    // the module that threw the exception is invoked first
		    // (the module list is not invoked from the start).
		    // previously thrown exception state is still present.
		    //
		    // it is assumed that the module which threw
		    // the exception can have its
		    // LOGIN_METHOD invoked twice in a row
		    // without any commit/abort in between.
		    //
		    // in all cases when LoginContext returns
		    // (either via natural return or by throwing an exception)
		    // we need to call clearState before returning.
		    // the only time that is not true is in this case -
		    // do not call throwException here.

		    throw (PendingException)ite.getCause();

		} else if (ite.getCause() instanceof LoginException) {

		    le = (LoginException)ite.getCause();

		} else if (ite.getCause() instanceof SecurityException) {

		    // do not want privacy leak
		    // (e.g., sensitive file path in exception msg)

		    le = new LoginException("Security Exception");
		    le.initCause(new SecurityException());
		    if (debug != null) {
			debug.println
			    ("original security exception with detail msg " +
			    "replaced by new exception with empty detail msg");
			debug.println("original security exception: " +
				ite.getCause().toString());
		    }
		} else {

		    // capture an unexpected LoginModule exception
		    java.io.StringWriter sw = new java.io.StringWriter();
		    ite.getCause().printStackTrace
						(new java.io.PrintWriter(sw));
		    sw.flush();
		    le = new LoginException(sw.toString());
		}

		if (moduleStack[i].entry.getControlFlag() ==
		    AppConfigurationEntry.LoginModuleControlFlag.REQUISITE) {

		    if (debug != null)
			debug.println(methodName + " REQUISITE failure");

		    // if REQUISITE, then immediately throw an exception
		    if (methodName.equals(ABORT_METHOD) ||
		        methodName.equals(LOGOUT_METHOD)) {
			if (firstRequiredError == null)
			    firstRequiredError = le;
		    } else {
			throwException(firstRequiredError, le);
		    }

		} else if (moduleStack[i].entry.getControlFlag() ==
		    AppConfigurationEntry.LoginModuleControlFlag.REQUIRED) {

		    if (debug != null)
			debug.println(methodName + " REQUIRED failure");

		    // mark down that a REQUIRED module failed
		    if (firstRequiredError == null)
			firstRequiredError = le;

		} else {

		    if (debug != null)
			debug.println(methodName + " OPTIONAL failure");

		    // mark down that an OPTIONAL module failed
		    if (firstError == null)
			firstError = le;
		}
	    }
	}

	// we went thru all the LoginModules.
	if (firstRequiredError != null) {
	    // a REQUIRED module failed -- return the error
	    throwException(firstRequiredError, null);
	} else if (success == false && firstError != null) {
	    // no module succeeded -- return the first error
	    throwException(firstError, null);
	} else if (success == false) {
	    // no module succeeded -- all modules were IGNORED
	    throwException(new LoginException
		(ResourcesMgr.getString("Login Failure: all modules ignored")),
		null);
	} else {
	    // success

	    clearState();
	    return;
	}
private voidinvokeCreatorPriv(java.lang.String methodName)
Invokes the login, commit, and logout methods from a LoginModule inside a doPrivileged block restricted by creatorAcc This version is called if the caller instantiated the LoginContext with a Configuration object.

	try {
	    java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
		(new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction() {
		public Object run() throws LoginException {
		    invoke(methodName);
		    return null;
		}
	    }, creatorAcc);
	} catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException pae) {
	    throw (LoginException)pae.getException();
	}
private voidinvokePriv(java.lang.String methodName)
Invokes the login, commit, and logout methods from a LoginModule inside a doPrivileged block. This version is called if the caller did not instantiate the LoginContext with a Configuration object.

	try {
	    java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
		(new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction() {
		public Object run() throws LoginException {
		    invoke(methodName);
		    return null;
		}
	    });
	} catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException pae) {
	    throw (LoginException)pae.getException();
	}
private voidloadDefaultCallbackHandler()


	// get the default handler class
	try {

	    final ClassLoader finalLoader = contextClassLoader;

	    this.callbackHandler = (CallbackHandler)
		java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
		(new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction() {
		public Object run() throws Exception {
		    String defaultHandler = java.security.Security.getProperty
			(DEFAULT_HANDLER);
		    if (defaultHandler == null || defaultHandler.length() == 0)
			return null;
		    Class c = Class.forName(defaultHandler,
					true,
					finalLoader);
		    return c.newInstance();
		}
	    });
	} catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException pae) {
	    throw new LoginException(pae.getException().toString());
	}

	// secure it with the caller's ACC
	if (this.callbackHandler != null && !configProvided) {
	    this.callbackHandler = new SecureCallbackHandler
				(java.security.AccessController.getContext(),
				this.callbackHandler);
	}
public voidlogin()
Perform the authentication.

This method invokes the login method for each LoginModule configured for the name specified to the LoginContext constructor, as determined by the login Configuration. Each LoginModule then performs its respective type of authentication (username/password, smart card pin verification, etc.).

This method completes a 2-phase authentication process by calling each configured LoginModule's commit method if the overall authentication succeeded (the relevant REQUIRED, REQUISITE, SUFFICIENT, and OPTIONAL LoginModules succeeded), or by calling each configured LoginModule's abort method if the overall authentication failed. If authentication succeeded, each successful LoginModule's commit method associates the relevant Principals and Credentials with the Subject. If authentication failed, each LoginModule's abort method removes/destroys any previously stored state.

If the commit phase of the authentication process fails, then the overall authentication fails and this method invokes the abort method for each configured LoginModule.

If the abort phase fails for any reason, then this method propagates the original exception thrown either during the login phase or the commit phase. In either case, the overall authentication fails.

In the case where multiple LoginModules fail, this method propagates the exception raised by the first LoginModule which failed.

Note that if this method enters the abort phase (either the login or commit phase failed), this method invokes all LoginModules configured for the application regardless of their respective Configuration flag parameters. Essentially this means that Requisite and Sufficient semantics are ignored during the abort phase. This guarantees that proper cleanup and state restoration can take place.

exception
LoginException if the authentication fails.


	loginSucceeded = false;

	if (subject == null) {
	    subject = new Subject();
	}

	try {
	    if (configProvided) {
		// module invoked in doPrivileged with creatorAcc
		invokeCreatorPriv(LOGIN_METHOD);
		invokeCreatorPriv(COMMIT_METHOD);
	    } else {
		// module invoked in doPrivileged
		invokePriv(LOGIN_METHOD);
		invokePriv(COMMIT_METHOD);
	    }
	    loginSucceeded = true;
	} catch (LoginException le) {
	    try {
		if (configProvided) {
		    invokeCreatorPriv(ABORT_METHOD);
		} else {
		    invokePriv(ABORT_METHOD);
		}
	    } catch (LoginException le2) {
		throw le;
	    }
	    throw le;
	}
public voidlogout()
Logout the Subject.

This method invokes the logout method for each LoginModule configured for this LoginContext. Each LoginModule performs its respective logout procedure which may include removing/destroying Principal and Credential information from the Subject and state cleanup.

Note that this method invokes all LoginModules configured for the application regardless of their respective Configuration flag parameters. Essentially this means that Requisite and Sufficient semantics are ignored for this method. This guarantees that proper cleanup and state restoration can take place.

exception
LoginException if the logout fails.

	if (subject == null) {
	    throw new LoginException(ResourcesMgr.getString
		("null subject - logout called before login"));
	}

	if (configProvided) {
	    // module invoked in doPrivileged with creatorAcc
	    invokeCreatorPriv(LOGOUT_METHOD);
	} else {
	    // module invoked in doPrivileged
	    invokePriv(LOGOUT_METHOD);
	}
private voidthrowException(javax.security.auth.login.LoginException originalError, javax.security.auth.login.LoginException le)


	// first clear state
	clearState();
	
	// throw the exception
	LoginException error = (originalError != null) ? originalError : le;
	throw error;