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FileChannel.javaAPI DocJava SE 5 API41594Fri Aug 26 14:57:10 BST 2005java.nio.channels

FileChannel

public abstract class FileChannel extends AbstractInterruptibleChannel implements ByteChannel, GatheringByteChannel, ScatteringByteChannel
A channel for reading, writing, mapping, and manipulating a file.

A file channel has a current position within its file which can be both {@link #position() queried} and {@link #position(long) modified}. The file itself contains a variable-length sequence of bytes that can be read and written and whose current {@link #size size} can be queried. The size of the file increases when bytes are written beyond its current size; the size of the file decreases when it is {@link #truncate truncated}. The file may also have some associated metadata such as access permissions, content type, and last-modification time; this class does not define methods for metadata access.

In addition to the familiar read, write, and close operations of byte channels, this class defines the following file-specific operations:

  • Bytes may be {@link #read(ByteBuffer, long) read} or {@link #write(ByteBuffer, long) written} at an absolute position in a file in a way that does not affect the channel's current position.

  • A region of a file may be {@link #map mapped} directly into memory; for large files this is often much more efficient than invoking the usual read or write methods.

  • Updates made to a file may be {@link #force forced out} to the underlying storage device, ensuring that data are not lost in the event of a system crash.

  • Bytes can be transferred from a file {@link #transferTo to some other channel}, and {@link #transferFrom vice versa}, in a way that can be optimized by many operating systems into a very fast transfer directly to or from the filesystem cache.

  • A region of a file may be {@link FileLock locked} against access by other programs.

File channels are safe for use by multiple concurrent threads. The {@link Channel#close close} method may be invoked at any time, as specified by the {@link Channel} interface. Only one operation that involves the channel's position or can change its file's size may be in progress at any given time; attempts to initiate a second such operation while the first is still in progress will block until the first operation completes. Other operations, in particular those that take an explicit position, may proceed concurrently; whether they in fact do so is dependent upon the underlying implementation and is therefore unspecified.

The view of a file provided by an instance of this class is guaranteed to be consistent with other views of the same file provided by other instances in the same program. The view provided by an instance of this class may or may not, however, be consistent with the views seen by other concurrently-running programs due to caching performed by the underlying operating system and delays induced by network-filesystem protocols. This is true regardless of the language in which these other programs are written, and whether they are running on the same machine or on some other machine. The exact nature of any such inconsistencies are system-dependent and are therefore unspecified.

This class does not define methods for opening existing files or for creating new ones; such methods may be added in a future release. In this release a file channel can be obtained from an existing {@link java.io.FileInputStream#getChannel FileInputStream}, {@link java.io.FileOutputStream#getChannel FileOutputStream}, or {@link java.io.RandomAccessFile#getChannel RandomAccessFile} object by invoking that object's getChannel method, which returns a file channel that is connected to the same underlying file.

The state of a file channel is intimately connected to that of the object whose getChannel method returned the channel. Changing the channel's position, whether explicitly or by reading or writing bytes, will change the file position of the originating object, and vice versa. Changing the file's length via the file channel will change the length seen via the originating object, and vice versa. Changing the file's content by writing bytes will change the content seen by the originating object, and vice versa.

At various points this class specifies that an instance that is "open for reading," "open for writing," or "open for reading and writing" is required. A channel obtained via the {@link java.io.FileInputStream#getChannel getChannel} method of a {@link java.io.FileInputStream} instance will be open for reading. A channel obtained via the {@link java.io.FileOutputStream#getChannel getChannel} method of a {@link java.io.FileOutputStream} instance will be open for writing. Finally, a channel obtained via the {@link java.io.RandomAccessFile#getChannel getChannel} method of a {@link java.io.RandomAccessFile} instance will be open for reading if the instance was created with mode "r" and will be open for reading and writing if the instance was created with mode "rw".

A file channel that is open for writing may be in append mode, for example if it was obtained from a file-output stream that was created by invoking the {@link java.io.FileOutputStream#FileOutputStream(java.io.File,boolean) FileOutputStream(File,boolean)} constructor and passing true for the second parameter. In this mode each invocation of a relative write operation first advances the position to the end of the file and then writes the requested data. Whether the advancement of the position and the writing of the data are done in a single atomic operation is system-dependent and therefore unspecified.

see
java.io.FileInputStream#getChannel()
see
java.io.FileOutputStream#getChannel()
see
java.io.RandomAccessFile#getChannel()
author
Mark Reinhold
author
Mike McCloskey
author
JSR-51 Expert Group
version
1.40, 04/01/12
since
1.4

Fields Summary
Constructors Summary
protected FileChannel()
Initializes a new instance of this class.

 
Methods Summary
public abstract voidforce(boolean metaData)
Forces any updates to this channel's file to be written to the storage device that contains it.

If this channel's file resides on a local storage device then when this method returns it is guaranteed that all changes made to the file since this channel was created, or since this method was last invoked, will have been written to that device. This is useful for ensuring that critical information is not lost in the event of a system crash.

If the file does not reside on a local device then no such guarantee is made.

The metaData parameter can be used to limit the number of I/O operations that this method is required to perform. Passing false for this parameter indicates that only updates to the file's content need be written to storage; passing true indicates that updates to both the file's content and metadata must be written, which generally requires at least one more I/O operation. Whether this parameter actually has any effect is dependent upon the underlying operating system and is therefore unspecified.

Invoking this method may cause an I/O operation to occur even if the channel was only opened for reading. Some operating systems, for example, maintain a last-access time as part of a file's metadata, and this time is updated whenever the file is read. Whether or not this is actually done is system-dependent and is therefore unspecified.

This method is only guaranteed to force changes that were made to this channel's file via the methods defined in this class. It may or may not force changes that were made by modifying the content of a {@link MappedByteBuffer mapped byte buffer} obtained by invoking the {@link #map map} method. Invoking the {@link MappedByteBuffer#force force} method of the mapped byte buffer will force changes made to the buffer's content to be written.

param
metaData If true then this method is required to force changes to both the file's content and metadata to be written to storage; otherwise, it need only force content changes to be written
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract java.nio.channels.FileLocklock(long position, long size, boolean shared)
Acquires a lock on the given region of this channel's file.

An invocation of this method will block until the region can be locked, this channel is closed, or the invoking thread is interrupted, whichever comes first.

If this channel is closed by another thread during an invocation of this method then an {@link AsynchronousCloseException} will be thrown.

If the invoking thread is interrupted while waiting to acquire the lock then its interrupt status will be set and a {@link FileLockInterruptionException} will be thrown. If the invoker's interrupt status is set when this method is invoked then that exception will be thrown immediately; the thread's interrupt status will not be changed.

The region specified by the position and size parameters need not be contained within, or even overlap, the actual underlying file. Lock regions are fixed in size; if a locked region initially contains the end of the file and the file grows beyond the region then the new portion of the file will not be covered by the lock. If a file is expected to grow in size and a lock on the entire file is required then a region starting at zero, and no smaller than the expected maximum size of the file, should be locked. The zero-argument {@link #lock()} method simply locks a region of size {@link Long#MAX_VALUE}.

Some operating systems do not support shared locks, in which case a request for a shared lock is automatically converted into a request for an exclusive lock. Whether the newly-acquired lock is shared or exclusive may be tested by invoking the resulting lock object's {@link FileLock#isShared() isShared} method.

File locks are held on behalf of the entire Java virtual machine. They are not suitable for controlling access to a file by multiple threads within the same virtual machine.

param
position The position at which the locked region is to start; must be non-negative
param
size The size of the locked region; must be non-negative, and the sum position + size must be non-negative
param
shared true to request a shared lock, in which case this channel must be open for reading (and possibly writing); false to request an exclusive lock, in which case this channel must be open for writing (and possibly reading)
return
A lock object representing the newly-acquired lock
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the preconditions on the parameters do not hold
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
AsynchronousCloseException If another thread closes this channel while the invoking thread is blocked in this method
throws
FileLockInterruptionException If the invoking thread is interrupted while blocked in this method
throws
OverlappingFileLockException If a lock that overlaps the requested region is already held by this Java virtual machine, or if another thread is already blocked in this method and is attempting to lock an overlapping region
throws
NonReadableChannelException If shared is true this channel was not opened for reading
throws
NonWritableChannelException If shared is false but this channel was not opened for writing
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs
see
#lock()
see
#tryLock()
see
#tryLock(long,long,boolean)

public final java.nio.channels.FileLocklock()
Acquires an exclusive lock on this channel's file.

An invocation of this method of the form fc.lock() behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

fc.{@link #lock(long,long,boolean) lock}(0L, Long.MAX_VALUE, false) 

return
A lock object representing the newly-acquired lock
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
AsynchronousCloseException If another thread closes this channel while the invoking thread is blocked in this method
throws
FileLockInterruptionException If the invoking thread is interrupted while blocked in this method
throws
OverlappingFileLockException If a lock that overlaps the requested region is already held by this Java virtual machine, or if another thread is already blocked in this method and is attempting to lock an overlapping region of the same file
throws
NonReadableChannelException If shared is true this channel was not opened for reading
throws
NonWritableChannelException If shared is false but this channel was not opened for writing
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs
see
#lock(long,long,boolean)
see
#tryLock()
see
#tryLock(long,long,boolean)

	return lock(0L, Long.MAX_VALUE, false);
    
public abstract java.nio.MappedByteBuffermap(java.nio.channels.FileChannel$MapMode mode, long position, long size)
Maps a region of this channel's file directly into memory.

A region of a file may be mapped into memory in one of three modes:

  • Read-only: Any attempt to modify the resulting buffer will cause a {@link java.nio.ReadOnlyBufferException} to be thrown. ({@link MapMode#READ_ONLY MapMode.READ_ONLY})

  • Read/write: Changes made to the resulting buffer will eventually be propagated to the file; they may or may not be made visible to other programs that have mapped the same file. ({@link MapMode#READ_WRITE MapMode.READ_WRITE})

  • Private: Changes made to the resulting buffer will not be propagated to the file and will not be visible to other programs that have mapped the same file; instead, they will cause private copies of the modified portions of the buffer to be created. ({@link MapMode#PRIVATE MapMode.PRIVATE})

For a read-only mapping, this channel must have been opened for reading; for a read/write or private mapping, this channel must have been opened for both reading and writing.

The {@link MappedByteBuffer mapped byte buffer} returned by this method will have a position of zero and a limit and capacity of size; its mark will be undefined. The buffer and the mapping that it represents will remain valid until the buffer itself is garbage-collected.

A mapping, once established, is not dependent upon the file channel that was used to create it. Closing the channel, in particular, has no effect upon the validity of the mapping.

Many of the details of memory-mapped files are inherently dependent upon the underlying operating system and are therefore unspecified. The behavior of this method when the requested region is not completely contained within this channel's file is unspecified. Whether changes made to the content or size of the underlying file, by this program or another, are propagated to the buffer is unspecified. The rate at which changes to the buffer are propagated to the file is unspecified.

For most operating systems, mapping a file into memory is more expensive than reading or writing a few tens of kilobytes of data via the usual {@link #read read} and {@link #write write} methods. From the standpoint of performance it is generally only worth mapping relatively large files into memory.

param
mode One of the constants {@link MapMode#READ_ONLY READ_ONLY}, {@link MapMode#READ_WRITE READ_WRITE}, or {@link MapMode#PRIVATE PRIVATE} defined in the {@link MapMode} class, according to whether the file is to be mapped read-only, read/write, or privately (copy-on-write), respectively
param
position The position within the file at which the mapped region is to start; must be non-negative
param
size The size of the region to be mapped; must be non-negative and no greater than {@link java.lang.Integer#MAX_VALUE}
throws
NonReadableChannelException If the mode is {@link MapMode#READ_ONLY READ_ONLY} but this channel was not opened for reading
throws
NonWritableChannelException If the mode is {@link MapMode#READ_WRITE READ_WRITE} or {@link MapMode#PRIVATE PRIVATE} but this channel was not opened for both reading and writing
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the preconditions on the parameters do not hold
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs
see
java.nio.channels.FileChannel.MapMode
see
java.nio.MappedByteBuffer

public abstract longposition()
Returns this channel's file position.

return
This channel's file position, a non-negative integer counting the number of bytes from the beginning of the file to the current position
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract java.nio.channels.FileChannelposition(long newPosition)
Sets this channel's file position.

Setting the position to a value that is greater than the file's current size is legal but does not change the size of the file. A later attempt to read bytes at such a position will immediately return an end-of-file indication. A later attempt to write bytes at such a position will cause the file to be grown to accommodate the new bytes; the values of any bytes between the previous end-of-file and the newly-written bytes are unspecified.

param
newPosition The new position, a non-negative integer counting the number of bytes from the beginning of the file
return
This file channel
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the new position is negative
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract intread(java.nio.ByteBuffer dst, long position)
Reads a sequence of bytes from this channel into the given buffer, starting at the given file position.

This method works in the same manner as the {@link #read(ByteBuffer)} method, except that bytes are read starting at the given file position rather than at the channel's current position. This method does not modify this channel's position. If the given position is greater than the file's current size then no bytes are read.

param
dst The buffer into which bytes are to be transferred
param
position The file position at which the transfer is to begin; must be non-negative
return
The number of bytes read, possibly zero, or -1 if the given position is greater than or equal to the file's current size
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the position is negative
throws
NonReadableChannelException If this channel was not opened for reading
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
AsynchronousCloseException If another thread closes this channel while the read operation is in progress
throws
ClosedByInterruptException If another thread interrupts the current thread while the read operation is in progress, thereby closing the channel and setting the current thread's interrupt status
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract intread(java.nio.ByteBuffer dst)
Reads a sequence of bytes from this channel into the given buffer.

Bytes are read starting at this channel's current file position, and then the file position is updated with the number of bytes actually read. Otherwise this method behaves exactly as specified in the {@link ReadableByteChannel} interface.

public abstract longread(java.nio.ByteBuffer[] dsts, int offset, int length)
Reads a sequence of bytes from this channel into a subsequence of the given buffers.

Bytes are read starting at this channel's current file position, and then the file position is updated with the number of bytes actually read. Otherwise this method behaves exactly as specified in the {@link ScatteringByteChannel} interface.

public final longread(java.nio.ByteBuffer[] dsts)
Reads a sequence of bytes from this channel into the given buffers.

Bytes are read starting at this channel's current file position, and then the file position is updated with the number of bytes actually read. Otherwise this method behaves exactly as specified in the {@link ScatteringByteChannel} interface.

	return read(dsts, 0, dsts.length);
    
public abstract longsize()
Returns the current size of this channel's file.

return
The current size of this channel's file, measured in bytes
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract longtransferFrom(java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel src, long position, long count)
Transfers bytes into this channel's file from the given readable byte channel.

An attempt is made to read up to count bytes from the source channel and write them to this channel's file starting at the given position. An invocation of this method may or may not transfer all of the requested bytes; whether or not it does so depends upon the natures and states of the channels. Fewer than the requested number of bytes will be transferred if the source channel has fewer than count bytes remaining, or if the source channel is non-blocking and has fewer than count bytes immediately available in its input buffer.

This method does not modify this channel's position. If the given position is greater than the file's current size then no bytes are transferred. If the source channel has a position then bytes are read starting at that position and then the position is incremented by the number of bytes read.

This method is potentially much more efficient than a simple loop that reads from the source channel and writes to this channel. Many operating systems can transfer bytes directly from the source channel into the filesystem cache without actually copying them.

param
src The source channel
param
position The position within the file at which the transfer is to begin; must be non-negative
param
count The maximum number of bytes to be transferred; must be non-negative
return
The number of bytes, possibly zero, that were actually transferred
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the preconditions on the parameters do not hold
throws
NonReadableChannelException If the source channel was not opened for reading
throws
NonWritableChannelException If this channel was not opened for writing
throws
ClosedChannelException If either this channel or the source channel is closed
throws
AsynchronousCloseException If another thread closes either channel while the transfer is in progress
throws
ClosedByInterruptException If another thread interrupts the current thread while the transfer is in progress, thereby closing both channels and setting the current thread's interrupt status
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract longtransferTo(long position, long count, java.nio.channels.WritableByteChannel target)
Transfers bytes from this channel's file to the given writable byte channel.

An attempt is made to read up to count bytes starting at the given position in this channel's file and write them to the target channel. An invocation of this method may or may not transfer all of the requested bytes; whether or not it does so depends upon the natures and states of the channels. Fewer than the requested number of bytes are transferred if this channel's file contains fewer than count bytes starting at the given position, or if the target channel is non-blocking and it has fewer than count bytes free in its output buffer.

This method does not modify this channel's position. If the given position is greater than the file's current size then no bytes are transferred. If the target channel has a position then bytes are written starting at that position and then the position is incremented by the number of bytes written.

This method is potentially much more efficient than a simple loop that reads from this channel and writes to the target channel. Many operating systems can transfer bytes directly from the filesystem cache to the target channel without actually copying them.

param
position The position within the file at which the transfer is to begin; must be non-negative
param
count The maximum number of bytes to be transferred; must be non-negative
param
target The target channel
return
The number of bytes, possibly zero, that were actually transferred
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the preconditions on the parameters do not hold
throws
NonReadableChannelException If this channel was not opened for reading
throws
NonWritableChannelException If the target channel was not opened for writing
throws
ClosedChannelException If either this channel or the target channel is closed
throws
AsynchronousCloseException If another thread closes either channel while the transfer is in progress
throws
ClosedByInterruptException If another thread interrupts the current thread while the transfer is in progress, thereby closing both channels and setting the current thread's interrupt status
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract java.nio.channels.FileChanneltruncate(long size)
Truncates this channel's file to the given size.

If the given size is less than the file's current size then the file is truncated, discarding any bytes beyond the new end of the file. If the given size is greater than or equal to the file's current size then the file is not modified. In either case, if this channel's file position is greater than the given size then it is set to that size.

param
size The new size, a non-negative byte count
return
This file channel
throws
NonWritableChannelException If this channel was not opened for writing
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the new size is negative
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract java.nio.channels.FileLocktryLock(long position, long size, boolean shared)
Attempts to acquire a lock on the given region of this channel's file.

This method does not block. An invocation of this always returns immediately, either having acquired a lock on the requested region or having failed to do so. If it fails to acquire a lock because an overlapping lock is held by another program then it returns null. If it fails to acquire a lock for any other reason then an appropriate exception is thrown.

The region specified by the position and size parameters need not be contained within, or even overlap, the actual underlying file. Lock regions are fixed in size; if a locked region initially contains the end of the file and the file grows beyond the region then the new portion of the file will not be covered by the lock. If a file is expected to grow in size and a lock on the entire file is required then a region starting at zero, and no smaller than the expected maximum size of the file, should be locked. The zero-argument {@link #tryLock()} method simply locks a region of size {@link Long#MAX_VALUE}.

Some operating systems do not support shared locks, in which case a request for a shared lock is automatically converted into a request for an exclusive lock. Whether the newly-acquired lock is shared or exclusive may be tested by invoking the resulting lock object's {@link FileLock#isShared() isShared} method.

File locks are held on behalf of the entire Java virtual machine. They are not suitable for controlling access to a file by multiple threads within the same virtual machine.

param
position The position at which the locked region is to start; must be non-negative
param
size The size of the locked region; must be non-negative, and the sum position + size must be non-negative
param
shared true to request a shared lock, false to request an exclusive lock
return
A lock object representing the newly-acquired lock, or null if the lock could not be acquired because another program holds an overlapping lock
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the preconditions on the parameters do not hold
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
OverlappingFileLockException If a lock that overlaps the requested region is already held by this Java virtual machine, or if another thread is already blocked in this method and is attempting to lock an overlapping region of the same file
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs
see
#lock()
see
#lock(long,long,boolean)
see
#tryLock()

public final java.nio.channels.FileLocktryLock()
Attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on this channel's file.

An invocation of this method of the form fc.tryLock() behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

fc.{@link #tryLock(long,long,boolean) tryLock}(0L, Long.MAX_VALUE, false) 

return
A lock object representing the newly-acquired lock, or null if the lock could not be acquired because another program holds an overlapping lock
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
OverlappingFileLockException If a lock that overlaps the requested region is already held by this Java virtual machine, or if another thread is already blocked in this method and is attempting to lock an overlapping region
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs
see
#lock()
see
#lock(long,long,boolean)
see
#tryLock(long,long,boolean)

	return tryLock(0L, Long.MAX_VALUE, false);
    
public abstract intwrite(java.nio.ByteBuffer src, long position)
Writes a sequence of bytes to this channel from the given buffer, starting at the given file position.

This method works in the same manner as the {@link #write(ByteBuffer)} method, except that bytes are written starting at the given file position rather than at the channel's current position. This method does not modify this channel's position. If the given position is greater than the file's current size then the file will be grown to accommodate the new bytes; the values of any bytes between the previous end-of-file and the newly-written bytes are unspecified.

param
src The buffer from which bytes are to be transferred
param
position The file position at which the transfer is to begin; must be non-negative
return
The number of bytes written, possibly zero
throws
IllegalArgumentException If the position is negative
throws
NonWritableChannelException If this channel was not opened for writing
throws
ClosedChannelException If this channel is closed
throws
AsynchronousCloseException If another thread closes this channel while the write operation is in progress
throws
ClosedByInterruptException If another thread interrupts the current thread while the write operation is in progress, thereby closing the channel and setting the current thread's interrupt status
throws
IOException If some other I/O error occurs

public abstract intwrite(java.nio.ByteBuffer src)
Writes a sequence of bytes to this channel from the given buffer.

Bytes are written starting at this channel's current file position unless the channel is in append mode, in which case the position is first advanced to the end of the file. The file is grown, if necessary, to accommodate the written bytes, and then the file position is updated with the number of bytes actually written. Otherwise this method behaves exactly as specified by the {@link WritableByteChannel} interface.

public abstract longwrite(java.nio.ByteBuffer[] srcs, int offset, int length)
Writes a sequence of bytes to this channel from a subsequence of the given buffers.

Bytes are written starting at this channel's current file position unless the channel is in append mode, in which case the position is first advanced to the end of the file. The file is grown, if necessary, to accommodate the written bytes, and then the file position is updated with the number of bytes actually written. Otherwise this method behaves exactly as specified in the {@link GatheringByteChannel} interface.

public final longwrite(java.nio.ByteBuffer[] srcs)
Writes a sequence of bytes to this channel from the given buffers.

Bytes are written starting at this channel's current file position unless the channel is in append mode, in which case the position is first advanced to the end of the file. The file is grown, if necessary, to accommodate the written bytes, and then the file position is updated with the number of bytes actually written. Otherwise this method behaves exactly as specified in the {@link GatheringByteChannel} interface.

	return write(srcs, 0, srcs.length);