/*
*
*
* Copyright 1990-2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* General Public License version 2 for more details (a copy is
* included at /legal/license.txt).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* version 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
* 02110-1301 USA
*
* Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa
* Clara, CA 95054 or visit www.sun.com if you need additional
* information or have any questions.
*/
package java.util;
/**
* An instance of this class is used to generate a stream of
* pseudorandom numbers. The class uses a 48-bit seed, which is
* modified using a linear congruential formula. (See Donald Knuth,
* <i>The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2</i>, Section 3.2.1.)
* <p>
* If two instances of <code>Random</code> are created with the same
* seed, and the same sequence of method calls is made for each, they
* will generate and return identical sequences of numbers. In order to
* guarantee this property, particular algorithms are specified for the
* class <tt>Random</tt>. Java implementations must use all the algorithms
* shown here for the class <tt>Random</tt>, for the sake of absolute
* portability of Java code. However, subclasses of class <tt>Random</tt>
* are permitted to use other algorithms, so long as they adhere to the
* general contracts for all the methods.
* <p>
* The algorithms implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> use a
* <tt>protected</tt> utility method that on each invocation can supply
* up to 32 pseudorandomly generated bits.
* <p>
*
* @version 12/17/01 (CLDC 1.1)
* @since JDK1.0, CLDC 1.0
*/
public
class Random {
/**
* The internal state associated with this pseudorandom number generator.
* (The specs for the methods in this class describe the ongoing
* computation of this value.)
*/
private long seed;
private final static long multiplier = 0x5DEECE66DL;
private final static long addend = 0xBL;
private final static long mask = (1L << 48) - 1;
/**
* Creates a new random number generator. Its seed is initialized to
* a value based on the current time:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public Random() { this(System.currentTimeMillis()); }</pre></blockquote>
*
* @see java.lang.System#currentTimeMillis()
*/
public Random() { this(System.currentTimeMillis()); }
/**
* Creates a new random number generator using a single
* <code>long</code> seed:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public Random(long seed) { setSeed(seed); }</pre></blockquote>
* Used by method <tt>next</tt> to hold
* the state of the pseudorandom number generator.
*
* @param seed the initial seed.
* @see java.util.Random#setSeed(long)
*/
public Random(long seed) {
setSeed(seed);
}
/**
* Sets the seed of this random number generator using a single
* <code>long</code> seed. The general contract of <tt>setSeed</tt>
* is that it alters the state of this random number generator
* object so as to be in exactly the same state as if it had just
* been created with the argument <tt>seed</tt> as a seed. The method
* <tt>setSeed</tt> is implemented by class Random as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* synchronized public void setSeed(long seed) {
* this.seed = (seed ^ 0x5DEECE66DL) & ((1L << 48) - 1);
* }</pre></blockquote>
* The implementation of <tt>setSeed</tt> by class <tt>Random</tt>
* happens to use only 48 bits of the given seed. In general, however,
* an overriding method may use all 64 bits of the long argument
* as a seed value.
*
* @param seed the initial seed.
*/
synchronized public void setSeed(long seed) {
this.seed = (seed ^ multiplier) & mask;
}
/**
* Generates the next pseudorandom number. Subclass should
* override this, as this is used by all other methods.<p>
* The general contract of <tt>next</tt> is that it returns an
* <tt>int</tt> value and if the argument bits is between <tt>1</tt>
* and <tt>32</tt> (inclusive), then that many low-order bits of the
* returned value will be (approximately) independently chosen bit
* values, each of which is (approximately) equally likely to be
* <tt>0</tt> or <tt>1</tt>. The method <tt>next</tt> is implemented
* by class <tt>Random</tt> as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* synchronized protected int next(int bits) {
* seed = (seed * 0x5DEECE66DL + 0xBL) & ((1L << 48) - 1);
* return (int)(seed >>> (48 - bits));
* }</pre></blockquote>
* This is a linear congruential pseudorandom number generator, as
* defined by D. H. Lehmer and described by Donald E. Knuth in <i>The
* Art of Computer Programming,</i> Volume 2: <i>Seminumerical
* Algorithms</i>, section 3.2.1.
*
* @param bits random bits
* @return the next pseudorandom value from this random number generator's sequence.
*/
synchronized protected int next(int bits) {
long nextseed = (seed * multiplier + addend) & mask;
seed = nextseed;
return (int)(nextseed >>> (48 - bits));
}
private static final int BITS_PER_BYTE = 8;
/**
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>int</code>
* value from this random number generator's sequence. The general
* contract of <tt>nextInt</tt> is that one <tt>int</tt> value is
* pseudorandomly generated and returned. All 2<font size="-1"><sup>32
* </sup></font> possible <tt>int</tt> values are produced with
* (approximately) equal probability. The method <tt>nextInt</tt> is
* implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public int nextInt() { return next(32); }</pre></blockquote>
*
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>int</code>
* value from this random number generator's sequence.
*/
public int nextInt() { return next(32); }
/**
* Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <tt>int</tt> value
* between 0 (inclusive) and the specified value (exclusive), drawn from
* this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of
* <tt>nextInt</tt> is that one <tt>int</tt> value in the specified range
* is pseudorandomly generated and returned. All <tt>n</tt> possible
* <tt>int</tt> values are produced with (approximately) equal
* probability. The method <tt>nextInt(int n)</tt> is implemented by
* class <tt>Random</tt> as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public int nextInt(int n) {
* if (n<=0)
* throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive");
*
* if ((n & -n) == n) // i.e., n is a power of 2
* return (int)((n * (long)next(31)) >> 31);
*
* int bits, val;
* do {
* bits = next(31);
* val = bits % n;
* } while(bits - val + (n-1) < 0);
* return val;
* }
* </pre></blockquote>
* <p>
* The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only
* because the next method is only approximately an unbiased source of
* independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly
* chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose <tt>int</tt>
* values from the stated range with perfect uniformity.
* <p>
* The algorithm rejects values that would result
* in an uneven distribution (due to the fact that 2^31 is not divisible
* by n). The probability of a value being rejected depends on n. The
* worst case is n=2^30+1, for which the probability of a reject is 1/2,
* and the expected number of iterations before the loop terminates is 2.
* <p>
* The algorithm treats the case where n is a power of two specially: it
* returns the correct number of high-order bits from the underlying
* pseudo-random number generator. In the absence of special treatment,
* the correct number of <i>low-order</i> bits would be returned. Linear
* congruential pseudo-random number generators such as the one
* implemented by this class are known to have short periods in the
* sequence of values of their low-order bits. Thus, this special case
* greatly increases the length of the sequence of values returned by
* successive calls to this method if n is a small power of two.
*
* @param n the bound on the random number to be returned. Must be
* positive.
* @return a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <tt>int</tt>
* value between 0 (inclusive) and n (exclusive).
* @exception IllegalArgumentException n is not positive.
* @since CLDC 1.1
*/
public int nextInt(int n) {
if (n<=0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
/* #ifdef VERBOSE_EXCEPTIONS */
/// skipped "n must be positive"
/* #endif */
);
}
if ((n & -n) == n) // i.e., n is a power of 2
return (int)((n * (long)next(31)) >> 31);
int bits, val;
do {
bits = next(31);
val = bits % n;
} while(bits - val + (n-1) < 0);
return val;
}
/**
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>long</code>
* value from this random number generator's sequence. The general
* contract of <tt>nextLong</tt> is that one long value is pseudorandomly
* generated and returned. All 2<font size="-1"><sup>64</sup></font>
* possible <tt>long</tt> values are produced with (approximately) equal
* probability. The method <tt>nextLong</tt> is implemented by class
* <tt>Random</tt> as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public long nextLong() {
* return ((long)next(32) << 32) + next(32);
* }</pre></blockquote>
*
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>long</code>
* value from this random number generator's sequence.
*/
public long nextLong() {
// it's okay that the bottom word remains signed.
return ((long)(next(32)) << 32) + next(32);
}
/**
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>float</code>
* value between <code>0.0</code> and <code>1.0</code> from this random
* number generator's sequence. <p>
* The general contract of <tt>nextFloat</tt> is that one <tt>float</tt>
* value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the range <tt>0.0f</tt>
* (inclusive) to <tt>1.0f</tt> (exclusive), is pseudorandomly
* generated and returned. All 2<font size="-1"><sup>24</sup></font>
* possible <tt>float</tt> values of the form
* <i>m x </i>2<font size="-1"><sup>-24</sup></font>, where
* <i>m</i> is a positive integer less than 2<font size="-1"><sup>24</sup>
* </font>, are produced with (approximately) equal probability. The
* method <tt>nextFloat</tt> is implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as
* follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public float nextFloat() {
* return next(24) / ((float)(1 << 24));
* }</pre></blockquote>
* The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only
* because the next method is only approximately an unbiased source of
* independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source or randomly
* chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose <tt>float</tt>
* values from the stated range with perfect uniformity.<p>
* [In early versions of Java, the result was incorrectly calculated as:
* <blockquote><pre>
* return next(30) / ((float)(1 << 30));</pre></blockquote>
* This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it
* introduced a slight nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding
* of floating-point numbers: it was slightly more likely that the
* low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be 1.]
*
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>float</code>
* value between <code>0.0</code> and <code>1.0</code> from this
* random number generator's sequence.
* @since CLDC 1.1
*/
public float nextFloat() {
int i = next(24);
return i / ((float)(1 << 24));
}
/**
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed
* <code>double</code> value between <code>0.0</code> and
* <code>1.0</code> from this random number generator's sequence. <p>
* The general contract of <tt>nextDouble</tt> is that one
* <tt>double</tt> value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the
* range <tt>0.0d</tt> (inclusive) to <tt>1.0d</tt> (exclusive), is
* pseudorandomly generated and returned. All
* 2<font size="-1"><sup>53</sup></font> possible <tt>float</tt>
* values of the form <i>m x </i>2<font size="-1"><sup>-53</sup>
* </font>, where <i>m</i> is a positive integer less than
* 2<font size="-1"><sup>53</sup></font>, are produced with
* (approximately) equal probability. The method <tt>nextDouble</tt> is
* implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public double nextDouble() {
* return (((long)next(26) << 27) + next(27))
* / (double)(1L << 53);
* }</pre></blockquote><p>
* The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only
* because the <tt>next</tt> method is only approximately an unbiased
* source of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source or
* randomly chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose
* <tt>double</tt> values from the stated range with perfect uniformity.
* <p>[In early versions of Java, the result was incorrectly calculated as:
* <blockquote><pre>
* return (((long)next(27) << 27) + next(27))
* / (double)(1L << 54);</pre></blockquote>
* This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it
* introduced a large nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding
* of floating-point numbers: it was three times as likely that the
* low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be
* 1! This nonuniformity probably doesn't matter much in practice, but
* we strive for perfection.]
*
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed
* <code>double</code> value between <code>0.0</code> and
* <code>1.0</code> from this random number generator's sequence.
* @since CLDC 1.1
*/
public double nextDouble() {
long l = ((long)(next(26)) << 27) + next(27);
return l / (double)(1L << 53);
}
}
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