//: FieldOBeasts.java
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Copyright (c) Bruce Eckel, 1998
// Source code file from the book "Thinking in Java"
// All rights reserved EXCEPT as allowed by the
// following statements: You can freely use this file
// for your own work (personal or commercial),
// including modifications and distribution in
// executable form only. Permission is granted to use
// this file in classroom situations, including its
// use in presentation materials, as long as the book
// "Thinking in Java" is cited as the source.
// Except in classroom situations, you cannot copy
// and distribute this code; instead, the sole
// distribution point is http://www.BruceEckel.com
// (and official mirror sites) where it is
// freely available. You cannot remove this
// copyright and notice. You cannot distribute
// modified versions of the source code in this
// package. You cannot use this file in printed
// media without the express permission of the
// author. Bruce Eckel makes no representation about
// the suitability of this software for any purpose.
// It is provided "as is" without express or implied
// warranty of any kind, including any implied
// warranty of merchantability, fitness for a
// particular purpose or non-infringement. The entire
// risk as to the quality and performance of the
// software is with you. Bruce Eckel and the
// publisher shall not be liable for any damages
// suffered by you or any third party as a result of
// using or distributing software. In no event will
// Bruce Eckel or the publisher be liable for any
// lost revenue, profit, or data, or for direct,
// indirect, special, consequential, incidental, or
// punitive damages, however caused and regardless of
// the theory of liability, arising out of the use of
// or inability to use software, even if Bruce Eckel
// and the publisher have been advised of the
// possibility of such damages. Should the software
// prove defective, you assume the cost of all
// necessary servicing, repair, or correction. If you
// think you've found an error, please email all
// modified files with clearly commented changes to:
// Bruce@EckelObjects.com. (Please use the same
// address for non-code errors found in the book.)
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Demonstration of complexity theory; simulates
// herding behavior in animals. Adapted from
// a program by Larry O'Brien lobrien@msn.com
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.util.*;
class Beast {
int
x, y, // Screen position
currentSpeed; // Pixels per second
float currentDirection; // Radians
Color color; // Fill color
FieldOBeasts field; // Where the Beast roams
static final int GSIZE = 10; // Graphic size
public Beast(FieldOBeasts f, int x, int y,
float cD, int cS, Color c) {
field = f;
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
currentDirection = cD;
currentSpeed = cS;
color = c;
}
public void step() {
// You move based on those within your sight:
Vector seen = field.beastListInSector(this);
// If you're not out in front
if(seen.size() > 0) {
// Gather data on those you see
int totalSpeed = 0;
float totalBearing = 0.0f;
float distanceToNearest = 100000.0f;
Beast nearestBeast =
(Beast)seen.elementAt(0);
Enumeration e = seen.elements();
while(e.hasMoreElements()) {
Beast aBeast = (Beast) e.nextElement();
totalSpeed += aBeast.currentSpeed;
float bearing =
aBeast.bearingFromPointAlongAxis(
x, y, currentDirection);
totalBearing += bearing;
float distanceToBeast =
aBeast.distanceFromPoint(x, y);
if(distanceToBeast < distanceToNearest) {
nearestBeast = aBeast;
distanceToNearest = distanceToBeast;
}
}
// Rule 1: Match average speed of those
// in the list:
currentSpeed = totalSpeed / seen.size();
// Rule 2: Move towards the perceived
// center of gravity of the herd:
currentDirection =
totalBearing / seen.size();
// Rule 3: Maintain a minimum distance
// from those around you:
if(distanceToNearest <=
field.minimumDistance) {
currentDirection =
nearestBeast.currentDirection;
currentSpeed = nearestBeast.currentSpeed;
if(currentSpeed > field.maxSpeed) {
currentSpeed = field.maxSpeed;
}
}
}
else { // You are in front, so slow down
currentSpeed =
(int)(currentSpeed * field.decayRate);
}
// Make the beast move:
x += (int)(Math.cos(currentDirection)
* currentSpeed);
y += (int)(Math.sin(currentDirection)
* currentSpeed);
x %= field.xExtent;
y %= field.yExtent;
if(x < 0)
x += field.xExtent;
if(y < 0)
y += field.yExtent;
}
public float bearingFromPointAlongAxis (
int originX, int originY, float axis) {
// Returns bearing angle of the current Beast
// in the world coordiante system
try {
double bearingInRadians =
Math.atan(
(this.y - originY) /
(this.x - originX));
// Inverse tan has two solutions, so you
// have to correct for other quarters:
if(x < originX) {
if(y < originY) {
bearingInRadians += - (float)Math.PI;
}
else {
bearingInRadians =
(float)Math.PI - bearingInRadians;
}
}
// Just subtract the axis (in radians):
return (float) (axis - bearingInRadians);
} catch(ArithmeticException aE) {
// Divide by 0 error possible on this
if(x > originX) {
return 0;
}
else
return (float) Math.PI;
}
}
public float distanceFromPoint(int x1, int y1){
return (float) Math.sqrt(
Math.pow(x1 - x, 2) +
Math.pow(y1 - y, 2));
}
public Point position() {
return new Point(x, y);
}
// Beasts know how to draw themselves:
public void draw(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(color);
int directionInDegrees = (int)(
(currentDirection * 360) / (2 * Math.PI));
int startAngle = directionInDegrees -
FieldOBeasts.halfFieldOfView;
int endAngle = 90;
g.fillArc(x, y, GSIZE, GSIZE,
startAngle, endAngle);
}
}
public class FieldOBeasts extends Applet
implements Runnable {
private Vector beasts;
static float
fieldOfView =
(float) (Math.PI / 4), // In radians
// Deceleration % per second:
decayRate = 1.0f,
minimumDistance = 10f; // In pixels
static int
halfFieldOfView = (int)(
(fieldOfView * 360) / (2 * Math.PI)),
xExtent = 0,
yExtent = 0,
numBeasts = 50,
maxSpeed = 20; // Pixels/second
boolean uniqueColors = true;
Thread thisThread;
int delay = 25;
public void init() {
if (xExtent == 0 && yExtent == 0) {
xExtent = Integer.parseInt(
getParameter("xExtent"));
yExtent = Integer.parseInt(
getParameter("yExtent"));
}
beasts =
makeBeastVector(numBeasts, uniqueColors);
// Now start the beasts a-rovin':
thisThread = new Thread(this);
thisThread.start();
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
for(int i = 0; i < beasts.size(); i++){
Beast b = (Beast) beasts.elementAt(i);
b.step();
}
try {
thisThread.sleep(delay);
} catch(InterruptedException ex){}
repaint(); // Otherwise it won't update
}
}
Vector makeBeastVector(
int quantity, boolean uniqueColors) {
Vector newBeasts = new Vector();
Random generator = new Random();
// Used only if uniqueColors is on:
double cubeRootOfBeastNumber =
Math.pow((double)numBeasts, 1.0 / 3.0);
float colorCubeStepSize =
(float) (1.0 / cubeRootOfBeastNumber);
float r = 0.0f;
float g = 0.0f;
float b = 0.0f;
for(int i = 0; i < quantity; i++) {
int x =
(int) (generator.nextFloat() * xExtent);
if(x > xExtent - Beast.GSIZE)
x -= Beast.GSIZE;
int y =
(int) (generator.nextFloat() * yExtent);
if(y > yExtent - Beast.GSIZE)
y -= Beast.GSIZE;
float direction = (float)(
generator.nextFloat() * 2 * Math.PI);
int speed = (int)(
generator.nextFloat() * (float)maxSpeed);
if(uniqueColors) {
r += colorCubeStepSize;
if(r > 1.0) {
r -= 1.0f;
g += colorCubeStepSize;
if( g > 1.0) {
g -= 1.0f;
b += colorCubeStepSize;
if(b > 1.0)
b -= 1.0f;
}
}
}
newBeasts.addElement(
new Beast(this, x, y, direction, speed,
new Color(r,g,b)));
}
return newBeasts;
}
public Vector beastListInSector(Beast viewer) {
Vector output = new Vector();
Enumeration e = beasts.elements();
Beast aBeast = (Beast)beasts.elementAt(0);
int counter = 0;
while(e.hasMoreElements()) {
aBeast = (Beast) e.nextElement();
if(aBeast != viewer) {
Point p = aBeast.position();
Point v = viewer.position();
float bearing =
aBeast.bearingFromPointAlongAxis(
v.x, v.y, viewer.currentDirection);
if(Math.abs(bearing) < fieldOfView / 2)
output.addElement(aBeast);
}
}
return output;
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
Enumeration e = beasts.elements();
while(e.hasMoreElements()) {
((Beast)e.nextElement()).draw(g);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
FieldOBeasts field = new FieldOBeasts();
field.xExtent = 640;
field.yExtent = 480;
Frame frame = new Frame("Field 'O Beasts");
// Optionally use a command-line argument
// for the sleep time:
if(args.length >= 1)
field.delay = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
frame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
frame.add(field, BorderLayout.CENTER);
frame.setSize(640,480);
field.init();
field.start();
frame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~ |
